1. What is Networking?
Collection of computer and devices connected via communication
devices and transmission media called Networking.
2. What is Networking
Devices?
Common devices are used
in networking following:
Modem, Hub, Repeater,
Bridges, Router, and
Gateway.
3. What is Computer Communication?
The process in which two
or more Computer or devices transfer data instruction and information is called
Computer Communication.
4. Why we need the networking?
Computer networks help users on the network to share the resources
and in communication. Can you imagine a world now without emails, online news
papers, blogs, chat and the other services offered by the internet?
The following are the important benefits of a computer network.
File sharing, Hardware sharing, application sharing, user
communication.
5. What is LAN?
LAN Stands for (Local
Area Network). Network that limited geographical area such as home or office
building Metro is called LAN. Data transmission speed of LAN is 1 to 100 Mb per second.
6. What is WAN?
WAN stands for (Wide Area Network). Network
that covers large geographical area using many types of media is called WAN.
Data transmission speed of WAN is 56Kbps To 45Mbps.
Internet is World‘s
Largest WAN.
Basic Elements of Data Communications:
7. What is sender?
The sender is the device
that sends the information. It is also called source. Normally computer is used
as sender in data communication system.
8. What is medium?
The medium is the
physical device path that connects the sender and receiver. It is used to
transmit the data. The medium can be a copper wire, a fiber optic cable
airwaves etc.
9. What is Receiver?
The receiver is the
device that accepts the information. It is also called sink. The receiver can
be computer, printer or another computer related device.
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10. What is Clint/Server Network?
One or more computer act
as server and other computer, or Clint , access server is called Clint/server
Network.
11. What is Peer-to-Peer Network?
Simple network that
connect fewer than 10 Computers.
Each computer or, peer
has equal Capabilities is Called Peer-to-Peer Network.
12. What is Topology?
The physical layout or
arrangement of connected devices in a network is called topology. It is the
shape of a network.
13. What is bus Topology?
All Computer and devices
are connected to central cable, or bus is called Bus Topology. Bus Topology is
mostly used in peer-to-peer networks.
Example of network
topology (Layout of devices in networks.
14. What is Ring Topology?
In ring Topology, each
computer is connected to the next computer with the last one connected to the first .Thus is called ring Topology.
Data travel from device
to device around entire ring in one direction
15. What is Ethernet?
The Ethernet
"access method" is used to connect computers in a company or home
network as well as to connect a single computer to a cable modem or DSL modem
for Internet access. Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for local area networks
(LANs) . It defined by the IEEE as the 802.3.
16. What is Token ring?
Token ring technology,
control access to network by requiring devices to pass a special signal called
Token ring. Token Ring is a data link technology for local area networks
(LANs). It operates at layer 2
of the OSI model.
A local area network
(LAN) access method developed by IBM. Conforming to the IEEE 802.5 standard,
Token Ring uses a token ring access method and connects up to 255 nodes in a
star topology at 4, 16 or 100 Mbps.
17. What is Star Topology?
All computers in star
topology are connected with central device called hub. All data transferred
from one computer to another passes through a hub. Star topology is mostly used
in Clint/server Networks.
18. What is Mesh Topology?
In mesh topology network
each terminal is directly connected with the central computer as well as with
other terminals. In this ways information can be directly accessed from any
terminal or from the central computer.
19. What is drawback of bus Topology?
Ø It is difficult to troubleshoot.
Ø It only supports small number of computers.
Ø When the cable is damaged the whole network
fails.
20. What is drawback of star Topology?
Ø It central hub fails, the entire network breaks
down.
Ø It requires a large length of cable to connect
computers.
Ø It is more expensive.
21. What is drawback of ring topology?
Ø Failure of one computer in the ring can affect
the whole network.
Ø It is difficult to troubleshoot.
Ø More expensive.
22. What is drawback of mesh topology?
Ø Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very
difficult..
23. Write the advantages of bus Topology?
Ø It is simple and easy to use.
Ø It requires small length of cable to connect
computer.
Ø It is less expensive.
24. Write the advantages of star Topology?
Ø It is easy to maintain and modify network.
Ø Finding fault becomes very simple.
Ø It is more flexible than other topologies.
25. Write the advantages of ring topology?
Ø It is less expensive than star topologies.
Ø Every computer has equal access to the network.
26. Write the advantages of mesh topology?
§ Data can be transmitted from different devices
simultaneously. This topology can withstand high traffic.
2) Even if one of the components fails there is always an alternative present. So data transfer doesn’t get affected.
2) Even if one of the components fails there is always an alternative present. So data transfer doesn’t get affected.
27. What is Hub?
Hub stands for (Helping
U Better) A device used with the universal serial bus or in a star network
topology that allow multiple devices connection. Hub is also called
Multistation access unit (MAU).
28. What is Switch?
A network switch is a
small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local
area network (LAN). Technically, network switches operate at layer two (Data
link layer) of the OSI model.
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29. What is Modem?
Modem Stands For
Modulation and demodulation .Modem is a device that converts digital signal
into analogue signal and analogue signal into digital.
30. What is Cable Modem?
Send and receives data
over cable television network is called cable Modem.
Much faster than dial-up
modem or
ISDN.
Sometimes called a
broadband modem.
Types of Transmission
Mode:
31. What is Simplex Mode?
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In simplex mode, data
can flow in one direction. It cannot be moved in both directions. The direction
of flow never changes.
32. What is Half-duplex mode?
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In half-duplex mode,
data can flow in both directions but not at the same time. It is transmitted
one-way at one time.
33. What is Full-duplex mode?
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In full duplex mode,
data can travel in both directions simultaneously. Full duplex mode is a faster
way of data transmission as compared to half duplex. A telephone is full duplex
device.
34. What is Network cabling?
Cabling in normally used
as a medium for transporting network data . The most common types are twisted-pair and fiber-optic ,
although coaxial is still used in some old networking.
35. What is Twisted-Pair cable?
Network cable of eight
copper wires twisted into four pairs to prevent crosstalk.
36. What is Analogue signal?
An analogue signal takes
the form of a waves, which curves smoothly from one value to the next is called
analogue signal.
37. What is Digital signal?
Digital signals are the
language of modern day computers. Digital signals comprise only two states.
These are expressed as ON or OFF, 1 or 0 respectively. Examples of devices
having two states in the home are,
Light switches: Either
ON or OFF
Doors: Either OPEN or
CLOSED
Types of Data Transmission:
38. What is Digital data transmission ?
The transfer of data in
the form of digital signal in called digital data transmission. Digital signal
is a sequence of voltage represented in binary form.
+ 0 0
- 1 1 1
39. What is Analogue data transmission?
The analogue data
transmission is the transmission of data in a continuous wave. Analogue signals
measured in volts and its frequency is in
hertz(Hz).
40. What is data
encoding?
The method by which
certain communication devices (such as modems) encode digital data onto an
analog signal for transmission. A converter mechanism is necessary for
computer data to be transported over a variety of networks. The most popular of
these "converter mechanisms" is a modem. Fax machines use built-in modems.
Types of Twisted-Pair cable:
40. What is UTP cable?
UTP Stands for
Unshielded Twisted-Pair cable. Most common network cable that come in different
categories for different uses.
41. What is STP?
STP Stands for Shielded
Twisted-Pair cable. Same as UTP Cable, but with extra foil to prevent outside
noise from interfering with data on the cable.
42. What is Fiber Optic cable?
This cable is made up of
super- thin filaments of glass or other transparent materials that can carry
beams of light. Data transfer rate of Fiber optic cable is very fast. There is
no chance of data loss.
Types of fiber optic cable
43. What is single Mode?
A type of fiber optic
cabling that send one light bean down that cable used for longer distance
application..
44. What is multimode?
A type of fiber-optic
cabling that allows multiple light signals to be sent along the same cable.
Used for shorter distances.
45. What is guided media?
Communication is in the
form of electromagnetic waves, with guided media, the waves are guided along a
physical path, and example of guided medium is twisted pair, coaxial cable and
fiber optic cable.
46. What is Coaxial Cable?
Coaxial cable is kind of
Copper cable used in older Ethernet networks as well as mainframe and
minicomputer connection. Coaxial cable is sometimes used is Telephone companies
and other types of local area networks.
47. What is Networking Protocols?
Specification that
define the network those communication procedures to follow when sending and
receiving data is called Networking Protocols.
48. What is TCP/IP Protocol?
TCP/IP Stands for
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). The most common network
protocol used by most companies and home user as a standard protocol used to
access the internet.
49. What is IPX/SPX?
IPX/SPX Stands for
(Internetwork Packet Exchange/ Sequenced Packet Exchange).
Original protocol used
for connecting to Novell network. Now TCP/IP is standard protocol used.
50. What is Net BEUI?
Net BEUI Stand for ( Net
Bios Extended User Interface). Is a non-routable protocol used in simple
networks commonly found in Pee-to-Peer networks
Short range radio waves
transmit data between Bluetooth devices. The name of Bluetooth is borrowed from
Herald Bluetooth, a king of Denmark.
51. What is networking Addresses?
Network devices have to
be able to identify each other in order to communications across a network.
They do this through this various network addressing schemes.
52. What is Mac Address?
The Mac address stands
for (Media access control address).
The Mac address is the physical address assigned to the network adapter usually
during production is called Mac address. It is also known as
IP address: 192.168.1.22
Mac address:
00-26-B9-9B-61-BF
53. What is IP Address?
A type of network
adapter’s address when multiple networks are linked. It is a 32- bit Binary
number with groups of 8- bit separated by dot.
Or
(Internet Protocol address) The address of a device attached to an IP network
(TCP/IP network). Every client, server and network device is assigned an IP
address, and every IP packet traversing an IP network contains a source IP
address and a destination IP address.
54. What is braodcast Address?
The address is the
highest numeric value of the address format being used. An Ethernet broadcast
address is all binary 1's. An IP broadcast address is the highest number in its
class; for example, the broadcast address of a Class C 192.168.16.0 network is
192.168.16.255.
55. What is subnet Mask?
he technique used by the
IP protocol to create a subnet address. The subnet mask is a binary pattern
that is stored in the client machine, server or router.
Class C Mask for Six
Subnets
255.255.255.224
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
56. What is Network portion?
Portion of an IP address
that represents which network the computer in on.
57. What is Host portion?
Portion of IP address
that representive the specific network devices.
58. What is Broadcast portion?
IP address used to
communicate with all devices on a particular network.
59. What is Subnet portion?
A number the computer
uses to determine which part of an IP address representive the network and
which portion represents the Host.
Wireless
network overview:
60. What is Wireless network?
Transmit data over air
using either infrared or radio frequencies. Wireless network operate at layer 1
and 2 of the OSI Model.
61. What is Infrastructure of wireless network?
Wireless network that
connects multiple wireless network devices through an access point.
62. What is Access Point?
Access point is similar
to a network hub and connects wireless network devices.
63. What is BSS?
BSS Stands for (Basic
Service Set). Configuration when multiple devices connect to an access point.
64. What is ESS?
ESS Stands for (Extended
Service Set). The network design when multiple access point connects to the
same main network.
65. What is SSID?
SSID Stands for (Service
Set Identifier). A set of 32 alpha numeric character used to differentiate b/w
wireless network.
What is ANSI?
ANSI stands for
(American National Standard Institutes) is the primary organization for
fostering the development of technology standard in the united states.
66. What stands for ARP?
ARP stands for( Address
Resolution Protocol) used to convert an IP address into a physical address (called a DLC address), such as an Ethernet address. A host wishing to obtain a physical address.
67. What is CSMA/CD?
CSMA/CD stands for (
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection). A network access method for
managing collision of data packets is known as CSMA/CD.
68. What is CSMA/CA?
CSMA/CA is stands for
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance) is a network access method
that request before sending to control media Access.CAU see Controlled access
unit)
69. What is FDDI?
FDDI stands for (Fiber
Distributed Data Interface). An FDDI network uses fiber optic cable in a ring
topology with token passing. FDDI operates at 100Mbps and can support two
counter rotating rings.
70. What is HDLC?
HDLC stands for (High
Data Link Control) is communication protocol defined for high level,
synchronous connection to X.25 Packet network.
71. What is ICMP?
ICMP stands for (
Internet Control Message Protocol) provides error reporting for TCP/IP.
72. What is ISDN?
ISDN stands for
(Integrated Services Digital Network) allows you to send voice, data and video
over normal copper telephone lines by sending digital signals instead of
analogue.
73. What is RJ-45?
RJ stands for( Register
Jack) cable that looks very much like a normal telephone connector but larger.
It uses twisted pair cabling with four pairs of wires.
74. What is FDM?
FDK stands for (
Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a method used in broadband transmission to
transmit analogue signals.
75. What is CSU/DSU?
CSU/DSU stands for (
Channel Service unit/ Data Service unit) a connect a LAN to a digital data
service (DDS) line.
76. What is UDP?
UDP stands for (User
Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless transport protocol that is used when the
overhead of TCP is not needed. UDP is just responsible for transporting
datagram.
77. What is TDM?
TDM stands for
(Time-Division Multiplexing) multiplexing uses time slots to separate channels.
Each device is given a time slot to transmit using the entire available bandwidth.
78. What is PPP?
PPP stands for
(Point-To-Point protocol) for communication between two computers using a
serial interface, typically a personal computer connected by phone line to a
server. PPP allows for dynamic host configuration and supports multiple
protocols.
79. What is ANSI?
ANSI stands for
(American National Standards Institute) a membership organization founded in
1918 that coordinates the development of U.S. voluntary national standards in
both the private and public sectors.
80. What is OSI model?
OSI stands for (Open
System Interconnection). The OSI model is for network communications consisting
for seven layers that describes what happens when computers communicate with
one another.
81. What is Application layers?
The application layer is
the top layer of the network protocol stack. The application layer is connected
with the semantics of work.
82. what is presentation layer?
The sixth layer of the
OSI model, it negotiates and establishes the format that data I exchanged in.
83. what is session layer?
The fifth layer of the
OSI model, this layer users establish a connection between devices. This
connection is called session.
84. What is transport layer?
The fourth layer of OSI
model, is the transport layer. It provides a transport services between the
session layer and the network layer.
85. What is network layer?
The third layer of OSI
model is responsible for routing information from one network device to
another.
86. What is data link layer?
The 2nd layer of OSI model. Data link layer is
responsible for moving frames from one source to next destination
87. What is physical layer?
The first layer of OSI
model is the physical layer. The function of this layer is the transmission of
bits over the network media. It provides a physical connection for the
transmission of data among the network device.
88. What is media?
Media is the means used
to transmit data. Media can include cable, microwaves, radio waves, infrared
rays, among other devices.
89. What is Microwaves?
These waves travel at
frequencies than radio waves and provide better throughput as a wireless
network media is called microwaves.
90. What are oscilloscopes?
An instrument used to
show voltage over time. While uses frequency diagnosing problem with electrical
equipment, they can also be used to test for faulty network cable.
91. What is Multiplexing?
It is the process of
sending signals from two or more different sources simultaneously over a single
communication channel is called multiplexing.
92. What is Multiplexer?
Multiplexing is a device
that is used to combining the several electrical signals into one signal is
called multiplexer.
93. What is packet switching?
A discipline for
controlling and moving messages in a large data-communication network. Each
message is handled as a complete unit containing the address of the recipient
and the originator.
94. What is parity?
Parity is a way to check
for small errors in data that utilizes one bit to specify whether the byte has
an even or odd value is called parity.
95. What is repeater?
A device to amplify or
regenerate digital signals received while sending them from one part of a
network into another. Works on OSI layer 1.
96. What are resources?
A resource is any item
on the network that can be shared or accessed is called resources.
97. What is server?
A server is a computer
in a network that is shared by multiple users, such as a file server, print
server or communication server. In IT, a server is a computer program that
provides services to other computer programs (and their users) in the same or
other computers.
98. What is sliding windows?
The sliding window
method of flow control allows two communicating devices to negotiate the number
of allowable outstanding frames.
99. What is switches connection?
Switched connections
allow multiple people to use a connection at once. They require special
hardware to manage the connections but give you the benefit of lower cost for
the connection to the service provides.
100. What is user?
Users are human beings
or computer process that possess the right to log in to a particular computer
system.
101. What is user-level security?
User-level security
requires the proper user name and password to access a resource is called
user-level security.
102. What is virtual circuit?
A virtual circuit is a
communication arrangement in which data configurations during a single period
of communication (during a single session).
103. What is workgroup?
A workgroup is a group
of users on a network who have information or resources that they wish to share
among themselves.
Types Of Data Transmission:
104. What is Parallel Transmission?
Transmitting several bits simultaneously using multiple lines (8,
16,32,etc). The pathways b/w the CPU and memory are parallel, and b/w the CPU
and peripheral devices they are typically, but may also be serial Contrast with
serial Transmission.
105. 48. What is Serial Transmission?
Transmitting data one bit at a time (one bit after the
other).Contrast with “parallel transmission,” which uses multiple lines to
transmit several bits simultaneously (8, 16,32 etc).External communications
networks use serial transmission.
OR
Data transmission in which data bits travel over a single wire in
one direction coordinated
by start and stop bits
preceding and following each eight –bits character.
Types Of Serial
Transmission:
106. What is Asynchronous?
The timing of the signals is an unimportant
instead information is received at translated by agreed upon pattern.
0 is representing to the start bit.
1. 1 is representing to the stop bit.
107. What is synchronous?
Data transmitted as unbroken strings of ones and
zeros and the receiver separate that string into byte or characters it need to
reconstruct the information.
108. What is Attenuation?
The degeneration of a signal
over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.
Or
The attenuation is the
fading of the electrical signal over a distance is called attenuation.
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109. What is back up?
Backing up is the
process of copying data to another location. Important data is often backed up
to a tape device, which allows for restoration if the original data is lost.
110. What is Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)?
ATM is a new type of
network that uses fixed-size packets called cells and supports dynamic
bandwidth allocation is called ATM.
111. What is centralized?
A computer network with
a central processing node through which all data and communications flow is
described as centralized.
112. What is checksum?
A checksum is fixed
length block produced as a function of every bit in as encrypted message; a
summation of a set of data items for error detection; a sum of digits or bits
used verify the integrity of data.
113. What is collision?
Collision occurs when
two devices try to transmit at the same time in the DNA protocol suite is
called collision.
114. What is distance vector routing?
Distance vector routing
is a routing method that simply calculates the shortest number of hops between
two points.
115. What is fast Internet?
A fast Ethernet network uses
star topology with UTP cable. Fast Ethernet required special adapter card and
hub capable of 100Mbps transfer.
116. What is flow control?
Flow control is the
process of controlling the amount of data sent to a device so that it does not
exceed the capabilities of the receiving system.
117. What is frame relay?
A new WAN connection
technology, frame relay took the features of X.25 and stripped the error
control and accounting from it to increase performance. See also X.25.
118. What is full backup?
A full backup is a
method of file backup used to back up all selected files. This process marks
the files as archived.
119. What is Gateway?
Gateway can Operate at
all seven layer of the OSI model. Their function is to do any necessary
conversion of protocols between network. There is no limit.
120. What is circuit switching?
Circuit switching is a
switching method in which a dedicated connection is made between the two
communicating devices is called circuit switching.
A connection between two systems A & D
formed from 3 link
121.What is Bridge?
An
internetwork device used to split a network segment to control traffic is
called bridge. Data is passed through or rejected depending on the destination
devices MAC
address.
122. What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is an example of short-hand-range broadcast radio
communications. It uses short range radio waves to transmit at a rate of 1 Mbps
among Bluetooth enabled device.
123. What
is uplink and downlink?
The transmission from satellite to earth station is called
downlink. The transmission from earth station to satellite is called uplink.
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